Science, in the broadest sense, refers to any system of knowledge which attempts to model objective reality.

In a more restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research.

NOTE: This is not an article from the Catholic Encyclopedia. It is provided here for the benefit of those interested in pursuing additional studies in this area.

Contents 1 I. Acquisition of Scientific Knowledge 2 II. Science and the Church 3 III. Disciplines 3.1 A. Physics 3.2 B. Origins of Life 3.3 C. Biology 3.4 D. Time 3.5 E. Medicine 4 IV. Biographies 4.1 A. Astronomers 4.2 B. Mathematicians 4.3 C. Mechanicians 4.4 D. Physicians 4.5 E. Anatomists 4.6 F. Physicists 4.7 G. Chemists 4.8 H. Naturalists 4.9 I. Geologists

I. Acquisition of Scientific Knowledge

• Scientific Induction
• Analogy in Science
• Analysis and Synthesis
• Observation
• Laws Governing

II. Science and the Church

"Does not the condemnation of Galileo prove the implacable opposition of the Church to scientific progress and enlightenment?" It may be replied with Cardinal Newman that this instance serves to prove the opposite, namely that the Church has not interfered with physical science, for Galileo's case "is the one stock argument" (Apologia). -- John Gerard in the article "Galileo"

• Science and the Church
• Dogma and Science
• Theology and Science
• Philosophy and Science
• Naturism
• Materialism

III. Disciplines

A. Physics

• Physics
• Conservation of Energy

• Cosmology

• Electricty

Three practical units have been named after Catholic electrical pioneers:

• the volt, the unit of electrical pressure, in honor of Alessandro Volta
• the coulomb; the unit of electrical quantity, in honor of Charles Augustin de Coulomb
• the ampere, the unit of current, in honor of Andre-Marie Ampere.

• Atom
• Atomism

B. Origins of Life

• Life - addresses questions on the origin and nature of life

C. Biology

• Biology
• Biogenesis and Abiogenesis
• Heredity
• Atavism
• Mendelism
• Evolution

D. Time

• Universe, Systems of
• Cosmogony
• Astronomy

• World, Age of the
• Chronology

• Palaeontology
• Ethnology

• Alchemy
• Astrology

E. Medicine

• Medicine
• Anatomy
• Pathology, Mental
• Anesthesia

• Psychotherapy
• Hypnotism
• Telepathy
• Eugenics

IV. Biographies

A. Astronomers

• Eugenius I - Archbishop of Toledo; famous as an astronomer and astronomical mathematician
• Dungal - Irish monk, teacher, astronomer, and poet
• Averroes - Arabian philosopher, astronomer
• Sacrobosco, Joannes de - English monk; astronomer, mathematician

• Blessed Albertus Magnus - (ALBERT the GREAT), scientist, philosopher, and theologian
• Roger Bacon - philosopher, author, mathematician, scientist, astronomer
• George von Peuerbach - called the father of observational and mathematical astronomy
• Muller, Johann (Regiomontanus) - astronomer, mathematician, known for a critique of Ptolemy

• Ruysch, John - Astronomer, cartographer
• Copernicus, Nicolaus - Dominican; founder of the heliocentric planetary theory
• Nunez, Pedro - astronomer, professorship of higher mathematics
• Piccolomini, Alessandro - litterateur, philosopher, astronomer

• Clavius, Christopher - German Jesuit; mathematician, astronomer; reformed calendar under Pope Gregory XIII
• Ricci, Matteo - Jesuit; founder of the Catholic missions in China; used mathematics and astronomy to gain their trust
• Galilei, Galileo - famous for his work in mechanics, and especially of dynamics, optics, and astronomy
• Scheiner, Christopher - German Jesuit; astronomer; anatomist; pantograph inventor; famous for pioneering work on sunspots

• Schall von Bell, Johann Adam - German Jesuit; reformed the Chinese calendar, indeed, the entire system of Chinese mathematics
• Gassendi, Pierre - Doctor of theology, professor of mathematics (College Royal); amateur astronomer; tried to reconcile materialism with Catholicism
• Riccioli, Giovanni Battista - Italian Jesuit; astronomer; treatsies on geography and chronology
• Campani, Giuseppe - Italian optician and astronomer

• Picard, Jean - French priest, founder of modern astronomy in France
• Stansel, Valentin - Jesuit; missionary; taught mathematics, astronomy; well-published in astronomy
• Verbiest, Ferdinand - Jesuit missionary to China; mechanician; mathematician; astronomer
• Cassini, Giovanni Domenico - Jesuit educated astronomer; engineer; professor

• Galien, Joseph - Dominican, professor of philosophy and theology, meteorologist, physicist, writer on aeronautics
• Pingre, Alexandre Guy - professor of astronomy; member of the Academie des Sciences; 40 years of meticulous observation
• Bouvet, Joachim - Jesuit missionary in China; mathematician; surveyor; astronomer
• Mayer, Christian - Jesuit; professor of mathematics and physics in the University of Heidelberg; astronomer

• Hell, Maximilian - Jesuit; professor of mathematics; director of the Imperial observatory at Vienna
• Fixlmillner, Placidus - Benedictine; director of the observatory of Kremsmunster
• Alzate, Jose Antonio - Mexican priest; treatsies on astronomy, physics, meteorology, cartography, antiquities, metallurgy
• Triesnecker, Francis a Paula - geographer, mathematician, astronomer

• Piazzi, Giuseppe - Theatine monk; mathematician, astronomer; built observatory in Sicily; discovered Ceres
• Oriani, Barnaba - Italian priest; astronomer; director of Observatory of Brera
• Inghirami, Giovanni - Italian priest; professor of mathematics, astronomy; director of the San Giovannino observatory
• Binet, Jacques-Philippe-Marie - French mathematician, astronomer; professor; devout Catholic

• Santini, Giovanni Sante Gaspero - director of the observatory at Padua; practical and theoretic astronomer
• Forster, Thomas Ignatius Maria - Convert to Catholicism; meteorologist, naturalist, astronomer; fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society
• Koller, Marian Wolfgang - Benedictine; director of the Kremsmunster observatory; woked in astronomy, physics and meteorology
• Curley, James - Jesuit; director of Georgetown Observatory

• Kreil, Karl - Benedictine educated; Austrian meteorologist and astronomer; director of the Prague Observatory
• Vico, Francescoe - Jesuit; professor of mathematics, astronomy; director of the Roman College Observatory; composer
• Lamont, Johann von - Astronomer; physicist; professor of astronomy (University of Munich); director of Bogenhausen Observatory
• Heis, Eduard - German astronomer; chair of mathematics and astronomy at (University of) Munster;

• Abbadie, Antoine d' - astronomer, geodetist, geographer, physician, numismatist, philologian
• Le Verrier, Urbain-Jean-Joseph - Astronomer; director of the Paris Observatory; predicted Neptune with theoretical calculations; zealous Catholic
• Faye, Herve-Auguste-Etienne-Albans - invented the zenithal collimator; chair of astronomy at the Ecole Polytechnique
• Sestini, Benedict - Jesuit; astronomer, mathematician, naturalist, theoretical mechanics

• Secchi, Angelo - Jesuit; astronomer, astrophysicist, meteorologist; doctor of theology
• Serpieri, Alessandro - Italian ecclesiastic; seismologist, astronomer, physicist
• Denza, Francesco - Italian ecclesiastic; meteorologist, astronomer; director of the Vatican Observatory
• Clerke, Agnes Mary - devout Catholic; prolific writer on astronomy and astrophysics; honorary member of the Royal Astronomical Society

B. Mathematicians

• Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus - Roman statesman; Christian philosopher; mathematician
• Grosseteste, Robert - "No one really knew the sciences, except the Lord Robert, Bishop of Lincoln" --Roger Bacon
• Oresme, Nicole - Bishop of Lisieux; philosopher, economist, mathematician, physicist; one of the principal founders of modern science
• Henry of Langenstein - theologian and mathematician

• Toscanelli, Paolo Dal Pozzo - Astronomer, cosmographer; one of the most distinguished mathematicians of his time
• Nemore, Jordanus de - mathematician
• Pacioli, Lucas - Franciscan friar; professor of mathematics; collaborator with da Vinci
• Nunez, Pedro - astronomer, professorship of higher mathematics

• Tartaglia, Nicolo - Italian mathematician; known for general solution to cubic equations
• Lilius, Aloisius - Professor of medicine, University of Perugia; principal author of the Gregorian Calendar
• Clavius, Christopher - German Jesuit; mathematician, astronomer; reformed calendar under Pope Gregory XIII
• Vieta, Francois - Father of modern algebra; Catholic at death

• Stevin, Simon - prolific treatises on trigonometry, geography, cosmography, perspective; calculus; finance
• Ricci, Matteo - Jesuit; founder of the Catholic missions in China; used mathematics and astronomy to gain their trust
• Arrighetti, Nicola - distinguished as a litterateur, but chiefly as mathematician and philosopher; prominent disciple of Galileo
• Castelli, Benedetto - Benedictine abott; physicist; civil engineer; mathematician to Pope Urban VIII

• Mersenne, Marin - French ecclesiastic; theologian, philosopher, and mathematician
• Gassendi, Pierre - French ecclesiastic; doctor of theology, professor of mathematics at College Royal; astronomer
• Stansel, Valentin - Jesuit; missionary; taught mathematics, astronomy
• Cavalieri, Bonaventura - Italian ecclesiastic; mathematician; illustrious disciple of Galileo

• de Renty, Gaston Jean Baptiste - Jesuit educated; wrote several treatises on mathematics
• Pascal, Blaise - Invented the arithmetical machine; scientist, Christian apologist
• Lana, Francesco - Jesuit; naturalist; professor of physical science and mathematics; scientific founder of aeronautics
• Pardies, Ignace-Gaston - French Jesuit; profssor of philosophy and mathematics

• La Hire, Philippe de - mathematician, astronomer, physicist, naturalist, painter; member of Academy of Sciences
• Hopital, Guillaume-Francois-Antoine de L' - French mathematician; rivaled Newton, Huyghens, Leibniz, and the Bernoullis in the use of calculus
• Fagnano, Giulio Carlo De' Toschi di - Italian mathematician; known for his work with lemniscate curves; pious Catholic
• Jacquier, Francois - Franciscan; French mathematician and physicist; chairs of experimental physics and mathematics at the Roman College

• Laplace, Pierre-Simon - Mathematical and physical astronomer, called the Newton of France; born and died Catholic
• Halma, Nicholas - French mathematician; scholar of ancient astronomy
• Guglielmini, Giovanni Battista - Italian ecclesiastic; professor of mathematics at the University of Bologna
• Ampere, Andre-Marie - French physicist and mathematician; published in calculus, chemistry, zoology; founded electro-dynamics and electro-magnetics fields

• Bolzano, Bernhard - Austrian mathematician and philosopher;
• Pianciani, Giambattista - Jesuit; professor of mathematics and physics at the Roman College
• Dupin, Pierre-Charles-Fancois - French mathematician and economist; long career in politics; never failed to assert his Catholic convictions
• Binet, Jacques-Philippe-Marie - French mathematician and astronomer; devout Catholic.

• Cauchy, Augustin-Louis - Celebrated French mathematician; true Catholic savant
• Coriolis, Gaspard-Gustave de - French mathematician; researcher in theoretical and applied mechanics
• Anderson, Henry James - professor of mathematics and astronomy in Columbia College; zealous convert; founded The New York Catholic Protectory
• Casey, John - Third Order of St. Francis; professor of higher mathematics and mathematical--Catholic University (Dublin)

• Bayma, Joseph - Italian Jesuit; mathematician and scientist
• Puiseux, Victor-Alexandre - French mathematician and astronomer; founded a student Society of St. Vincent de Paul
• Boncompagni, Balthasar - Italian mathematician
• Hermite, Charles - one of the greatest mathematicians of the nineteenth century

• Respighi, Lorenzo - Mathematician, one of the most prominent Italian astronomers of the nineteenth century.
• Faa di Bruno, Francesco - Italian mathematician, inventor, priest; professor of Mathematics at Turin University
• Carbonnelle, Ignatius - Belgian Jesuit; missionary to India; professor of mathematics and astronomy at Louvain

C. Mechanicians

• da Vinci, Leonardo - One of the greatest minds of the Renaissance
• Hartmann, Georg - Mechanician and physicist; d. 1564
• Vernier, Pierre - Inventor of the instrument which bears his name
• Bourdon, Jean - First engineer-in-chief and land-surveyor in the colony of New France

• Charles-Michel de L' Epee - philanthropic priest; inventor; started systematic instruction of the deaf and dumb
• Charpentier, Francois-Philippe - French engraver, inventor, and mechanician
• Montgolfier, Joseph-Michel - French inventor; specialized in hydraulics and aeronautics
• Minkelers, Jean-Pierre - professor of physics and chemistry; inventor of illuminating gas

• Foucault, Jean-Bertrand-Leon - Physicist, mechanician; famous for Foucault pendulum; notable instrumentation inventor; prolific experimentalist; Catholic
• Hengler, Lawrence - Catholic priest; inventor of the horizontal pendulum (used in seismographs)
• Jouffroy, Claude-François-Dorothée de - mechanician; inventor of steam-propulsion vehicles
• Schols, Charles Mathieu - Civil engineer; professor; cartographer and surveyor; mathematician

D. Physicians

• Luke, Saint - Physician; Evangelist
• Caesarius of Nazianzus - Saint, physician, younger and only brother of Gregory of Nazianzus
• Avicenna - Arabian physician and philosopher
• Avempace - Arabian philosopher, physician, astronomer, mathematician

• Thierry of Freiburg - Dominican; philosopher and physician of the Middle Ages
• Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nunez - Sixteenth-century explorer and faith-healer
• Bar Hebraeus - Syrian bishop, philosopher, poet, grammarian, physician, Biblical commentator, historian, and theologian
• Villanovanus, Arnaldus - celebrated physician, pharmacist, alchemist

• Marsilius of Padua - physician and theologian
• Chanca, Diego Alvarez - physician-in-ordinary to Ferdinand and Isabella; accompanied Columbus on 2nd voyage
• Linacre, Thomas - English physician and clergyman; founder, Royal College of Physicians
• Paracelsus, Theophrastus - celebrated physician and reformer of therapeutics

• Agricola, George - Physician, mineralogist, historian, and controversialist; strenuous defender of Catholic faith
• Caius, John - physician and scholar; royal physician, but dismissed due to his Catholic Faith
• Lilius, Aloisius - Professor of medicine, University of Perugia; principal author of the Gregorian Calendar
• Pare, Ambroise - French surgeon; first surgeon and chamberlain to King Charles IX; lifelong Catholic

• Cesalpino, Andrea - physician, philosopher, and naturalist; steadfast proponent of Catholic principles
• Mercuriali, Geronimo - Famous philologist and physician; chair of medicine at University of Pisa
• Alpini, Prospero - physician and botanist
• Castelli, Pietro - botanist, chemist, anatomist, and surgeon

• Theophraste Renaudot - a pioneer in relief work for the poor, journalism, and medicine
• Perrault, Claude - successful physician, anatomist, architect and author; inventor; scholar of physics, chemistry, zoology
• Sorbait, Paul de - Ph.D. in Philosophy and Medicine; professor of medicine, University of Vienna
• Redi, Francesco - Italian poet; physician to the Grand dukes Ferdinand II and Cosimo III
• Malpighi, Marcello - founder of comparative physiology; papal physician; professor of medicine (Papal Medical School)
• Morgagni, Giovanni Battista - Called the "Father of Modern Pathology", a distinguished Italian physician and investigator in medicine
• Galvani, Luigi - Italian physician; noted surgeon; researcher in comparative anatomy and physiology
• Pierre-Desault, Joseph - Jesuit educated; surgeon and anatomist; member, Academy of Surgeons

• MacNeven, William James - Barred from schooling because he was Catholic; distinguished Irish-American physician and medical educator
• Ruffini, Paolo - physician-lecturer and celebrated mathematician; zealous Catholic apologist
• Larrey, Dominique-Jean - Called "he first and the greatest" of military surgeons for many ingenious surgical inventions and significant advances in clinical surgery
• Windischmann, Karl Joseph Hieronymus - Court physician; professor of philosophy and medicine at the University of Bonn

• Laennec, Rene-Theophile-Hyacinthe - French physician, father of modern pulmonary disease research; invented the stethoscope
• McLoughlin, John - Physician and pioneer; convert to the Faith; known as the Father of Oregon
• Veith, Johann Emanuel - Director of the school of veterinary medicine at Vienna; botanical medicine; convert to the Faith; Redemptorist preacher;
• Rolph, Thomas - English surgeon; Catholic apologist

• Muller, Johann - Professor of anatomy at Berlin; founder of modern physiology; loyal Catholic
• Corrigan, Sir Dominic - Physician; heart disease researcher; President of Dublin Pathological Society, of the Dublin Pharmaceutical Society, and five times of the College of Physicians in Dublin
• Skoda, Josef - Celebrated clinical lecturer and diagnostician and co-founder of the modern medical school of Vienna
• Feuchtersleben, Baron Ernst Von - Austrian poet, philosopher, and physician; authored "Principles of Medical Psychology"

• Nelaton, Auguste - Called "one of the greatest of French surgeons of the nineteenth century"; member of the Paris Academy of Medicine
• Schwann, Theodor - German physiologist; founder of the theory of the cellular structure of animal organisms; prolific researcher
• Noble, Daniel - Physician; member of the Royal College of Surgeons; specialized in mental disease
• Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp - Physician; discoverer of the cause of puerperal fever

• Van Buren, William Home - Distinguished American surgeon; professor of anatomy and surgey; convert to the Faith
• Kneipp, Sebastian - Bavarian priest and hydro-therapeutist
• Hingston, William Hales - Canadian physician and surgeon; professor of clinical surgery; Knight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great by Pius IX
• O'Dwyer, Joseph - Physician; inventor of intubation; fervent Catholic

E. Anatomists

• Mondino dei Lucci - Medieval anatomist; his textbook was used for centuries
• Vesalius, Andreas - Professor of surgery and anatomy at Padua; reorganizer of the study of anatomy
• Colombo, Matteo Realdo - First professor of anatomy at University of Pisa; discoverer of the pulmonary circulation
• Fortunato of Brescia - Spanish ecclesiastic; pioneer in anatomical microscopy; morphologist

• Fallopio, Gabriello - Multi-talented physician; professor of anatomy; discovered the fallopian tube; prolific researcher
• Fabricius, Hieronymus - Distinguished Italian anatomist and surgeon
• Perrault, Claude - Successful physician, anatomist, architect and author; inventor; scholar of physics, chemistry, zoology
• Steno, Nicolaus - Eminent Danish anatomist and geologist, convert and saintly bishop

• Dupuytren, Guillaume - French anatomist and surgeon
• Hyrtl, Joseph - Austrian anatomist; educator and textbook author; chair of anatomy at Vienna; firm opponent of materialism

F. Physicists

• Aristotle - greatest of the ancient Greek philosophers
• Grosseteste, Robert - "No one really knew the sciences, except the Lord Robert, Bishop of Lincoln" --Roger Bacon.
• Blessed Albertus Magnus - (ALBERT the GREAT), scientist, philosopher, and theologian
• Roger Bacon - philosopher, author, mathematician, scientist, astronomer

• Oresme, Nicole - Bishop of Lisieux; philosopher, economist, mathematician, physicist; one of the principal founders of modern science
• Albert of Saxony - philosopher, geophysicist, logician
• Georg Hartmann - Mechanician and physicist; d. 1564
• Castelli, Benedetto - Benedictine abbott; physicist; civil engineer; mathematician to Pope Urban VIII

• Maignan, Emmanuel - French friar, physicist, theologian, professor of mathematics
• Kircher, Athanasius - Scholar of the natural sciences
• Schott, Gaspar - German Jesuit; physicist; deep piety made him an object of veneration to the Protestants
• Grimaldi, Francesco Maria - Italian Jesuit; physicist, astronomer; noted researcher in optics

• Mariotte, Edme - French physicist; noted researcher in hydrostatics and gases
• Duhamel, Jean-Baptiste - French scientist, philosopher, and theologian; parish priest
• Hautefeuille, Jean de - French ecclesiastic; physicist; noted for work on horology, acoustics, optics
• Amontons, Guillaume - Experimental physicist; important discoveries on pressure, temperature, vacuums, instrumentation

• Poleni, Giovanni - Professor of astronomy at Padua; chair of physics; professor of mathematics; hydraulic engineer; architect; antiquarian
• Divisch, Procopius - Norbertine; doctor of theology; parich priest; experimentalist in hydraulics, electricity; inventor (first lightning rod, instrumentation)
• Galien, Joseph - Dominican; professor of philosophy, theology (University of Avignon); meteorologist, physicist; and writer on aeronautics

• Condamine, Charles-Marie de La - Explorer; topographer; physicist; established flattening of our globe at the poles
• Gordon, Andrew - Benedictine monk, physicist; invented electrostatic reaction motor
• d'Alembert, Jean-Baptiste le Rond - Physicist; reduced problems of motion to problems of equilibrium; explained the precession of the equinoxes
• Toaldo, Giuseppe - Priest; physicist; chair of astronomy in the University of Padua

• Aepinus, Franz Ulrich Theodor Hoch - Experimental physicist in electricity and magnetism
• Spallanzani, Lazzaro - Priest; distinguished eighteenth-century physical scientist; biologist; noted for charity, piety, and faith
• Alzate, Jose Antonio - Mexican priest; treatsies on astronomy, physics, meteorology, cartography, antiquities, metallurgy
• Volta, Alessandro - Invented the "condensing electroscope", voltaic battery

• Imhof, Maximus von - German Augustinian; physicist; publications in electro-physics, physical chemistry; director, Munich Academy of Sciences
• Biot, Jean-Baptiste - physicist, mathematician, astronomer; high-altitude atmospheric experimentalist; more devout in later life
• Ampere, Andre-Marie - French physicist and mathematician; published in calculus, chemistry, zoology; founded electro-dynamics and electro-magnetics fields
• Zamboni, Giuseppe - Priest; physicist; invented the "dry" battery and other electrical devices

• Pianciani, Giambattista - Italian Jesuit; professor of mathematics and physics at the Roman College
• Fraunhofer, Joseph Von - Optics; invented screw micrometer, heliometer; important theoretical work on diffraction; founded spectal analysis
• Fresnel, Augustin-Jean - Physicist; famous for work in optics; revolutionized lighthouse illumination
• Becquerel, Antoine-Cesar - French physicist; pioneer in electro-chemistry

• Koller, Marian Wolfgang - Benedictine; director of the Kremsmunster observatory; woked in astronomy, physics and meteorology
• Babinet, Jacques - French physicist; famous for work in optics, but also physics and mechanics
• Zantedeschi, Francesco - Priest; physicist; chair of physics, University of Padua; researcher in electro-magnetism, electro-dynamics, optics
• Despretz, Cesar-Mansuete - chemist and physicist; foundational work in modern heat physics; Catholic apologist

• Moigno, Francois Napoleon Marie - Priest; physicist; professor of mathematics; linguist; Catholic apologist
• Palmieri, Luigi - Italian physicist; meteorologist; geologist; architect; inventor; "The Catholic religion was the guide of his studies"
• Jolly, Philipp Johann Gustav von - German physicist; prolific inventor; physics professor, University of Munich
• Regnault, Henri Victor - Chemist; physicist; chair of physics (College de France); notable work in organic and physical chemistry

• Matteucci, Carlo - physicist; important studies in electro-statics, electro-dynamics, electro-physiology; physics chair (University of Pisa)
• Desains, Paul-Quentin - chair of physics (Sorbonne); geo-magnetism; heat physics;
• Foucault, Jean-Bertrand-Leon - Physicist, mechanician; famous for Foucault pendulum; notable instrumentation inventor; prolific experimentalist; Catholic
• Fizeau, Armand-Hippolyte-Louis - physicist; Foucault collaborator; determined experimentally the velocity of light; convinced Catholic

• Mendel, Gregor Johann - Priest; Abbot; physics teacher (Realschule); famous for work in hybridization
• Pernter, Joseph Maria - Professor of cosmic physics (University of Innsbruck); director of the Central Meteorological Institute (Vienna)
• Branly, Edouard - French physicist; physician; inventor; "discovered the principle of wireless telegraphy"; divided his time between the practice of medicine and his research in physics (Catholic University); devout Catholic

G. Chemists

• Schwarz, Berthold - German friar, reputed as inventor of gunpowder and firearms
• Blessed Albertus Magnus - (ALBERT the GREAT), scientist, philosopher, and theologian
• Roger Bacon - philosopher, author, mathematician, scientist, astronomer
• John of Roquetaillade - Franciscan; distillation alchemist

• Helmont, Jan Baptista Van - distinguished in the early annals of chemistry
• Neri, Antonio - Florentine priest; glass chemist
• Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent - Mineralogist, philosopher, economist; justly called "the father of modern chemistry"; devout Catholic; guillotined by the French Revolution
• Chaptal, Jean-Antoine - doctor of medicine; chair of chemistry at Montpellier University; member of the Academy of Sciences

• Vauquelin, Louis-Nicolas - voluminous studies in analytical chemistry; discovered many important compounds
• Fuchs, Johann Nepomuk von - Jesuit educated; chemist and mineralogist
• Chevreul, Michel-Eugene - chemist, physicist, philosopher; member, Academy of Sciences: Legion of Honor, Grand Cross; ardent Catholic
• Pelletier, Pierre-Joseph - Pharmacist; convinced Catholic; awarded the Paris Academy of Science Montyon prize for the discovery of quinine

• Despretz, Cesar-Mansuete - chemist and physicist; foundational work in modern heat physics; Catholic apologist
• Dumas, Jean-Baptiste - In the first rank of 19th century chemists; French senator; able defender of his Catholic faith
• Kaiser, Kajetan Georg von - chemist, inventor; "his Catholic belief was the invulnerable spot in his heart"
• Pelouze, Theophile-Jules - Pharmacist, organic and inorganic chemist; member of French Academy of Sciences; Catholic

• Regnault, Henri Victor - Chemist; physicist; chair of physics (College de France); notable work in organic and physical chemistry
• Sainte-Claire Deville, Charles - meteorologist, geologist, molecular physicist; member of French Academy of Sciences
• Pasteur, Louis - Chemist, founder of physio-chemistry, father of bacteriology, inventor of bio-therapeuties; devout Catholic

H. Naturalists

• Blessed Albertus Magnus - (ALBERT the GREAT), scientist, philosopher, and theologian
• Aldrovandi, Ulissi - Italian naturalist, ; professor of natural history in the University of Bologna; rich collections in botany and zoology
• Alpini, Prospero - physician and botanist
• Castelli, Pietro - botanist, chemist, anatomist, and surgeon

• Jussieu, Adrien-Henri de - professor of agricultural botany (Jardin des Plantes); textbook author; president, French Academy of Sciences
• Jussieu, Antoine de - Physician; botanist; studies in human anatomy, zoology, palaeontology, mineralogy
• Jussieu, Antoine-Laurent de - professor of botany in the medical faculty at Paris; member, Academy of Sciences
• Jussieu, Bernard de - Physician; botanist; zoologist; member, Academy of Sciences
• Jussieu, Joseph de - Explorer; botanist; engineer; and mathematician

• Kircher, Athanasius - Scholar of the natural sciences
• Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de - Jesuit educated; French botanist; doctor and professor of medicine; prolific collector; known for classification system
• Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando - Italian geographer, naturalist, significant specimen collections from his many travels
• Camel, George Joseph - Jesuit ecclesiastic; botanist and missionary in the Philippines; the "Camellia" genus is named after him
• Gusmao, Bartholomeu Lourenco de - Naturalist, inventor; the first aeronaut; Doctor of Canon Law

• Belgrado, Giacopo - Italian Jesuit; professor of mathematics and physics (Parma University); natural philosopher
• Ulloa, Antonio de - Naval officer; geo-physical scientist; credited with establishing first natural history museum
• Fontana, Felice - Italian naturalist; physiologist; organized the Florence museum's geological, zoological, physical and astronomical instruments collections
• Mutis, Jose Celestino - Ecclesiastic; eminent naturalist and scientist in South America

• Molina, Juan Ignacio - Jesuit; naturalist and scientist; prominent historian and geographer of Chile
• Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste-Pierre-Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de - Distinguished botanist, zoologist, and natural philosopher
• Azara, Feliz de - Spanish naturalist, engineer; shrewd observer of South America mammals
• Schrank,Franz Paula von - German Jesuit; theologian; prolific dissertations in natural sciences

• Rodrigues Ferreira, Alexandre - Brazilian natural scientist and explorer
• Latreille, Pierre-Andre - French priest; prominent zoologist; founder of modern entomology; prolific writer
• Hladnik, Franz von Paula - Austrian priest; professor of botany and natural history (Central School of Laibach); rich botanical collection
• Waterton, Charles - English Catholic; naturalist and explorer of South America; staunch Catholic

• Forster, Thomas Ignatius Maria - Convert to Catholicism; meteorologist, naturalist, astronomer; fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society
• Barrande, Joachim - Notable French palaeontologist
• Lacordaire, Jean-Baptiste-Henri-Dominique - Distinguished French entomologist; professor of zoology and comparative anatomy (University of Liege); devout Catholic
• Bonaparte, Charles - French ornithologist

• Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus - Austrian botanist, linguist, and historian; collected 30,000 species of plants
• Van Beneden, Pierre-Joseph - Curator, natural history museum (University of Louvain); professor of zoology and comparative anatomy (Catholic University)
• Forster, Arnold - German entomologist, botanist; devout Catholic
• Tulasne, Louis-Rene - French botanist; noted mycologist; professed his desire to glorify God by his scientific labors

• Parlatore, Filippo - Italian botanist; prolific collector and writer; devout Catholic
• Castracane degli Antelminelli, Francesco - Italian Jesuit; naturalist; one of the first to use microphotography in biology
• Provancher, Leon Abel - Canadian priest; naturalist; known as the "Father of Natural History in Canada"
• David, Armand - Missionary priest, zoologist (China); the International Scientific Congress of Catholics reports a collection of 200 mammal species and 807 bird species

• Mivart, St. George Jackson - Distinguished biologist; received degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Pope Pius IX
• Heude, Pierre - Jesuit missionary (China); botanist; zoologist
• Mendel, Gregor Johann - Priest; Abbot; physics teacher (Realschule); famous for work in hybridization

I. Geologists

• Steno, Nicolaus - eminent Danish anatomist and geologist, convert and saintly bishop
• Jean-Baptiste-Julien D'omalius Halloy - Belgian geologist; devoted Catholic; one of the pioneers of modern geology
• Hauy, Rene-Just - Norbertine priest; mineralogist; father of modern crystallography; member, Academy of Sciences
• Elhuyar y de Suvisa, Fausto de - distinguished mineralogist and chemist; first to isolate tungsten (Wolfram)

• Fuchs, Johann Nepomuk von - Jesuit educated; chemist and mineralogist
• Elie de Beaumont, Jean-Baptiste-Armand-Louis-Leonce - Geologist; member Academy of Sciences; President of the Geological Society of France; ardent Catholic
• Sainte-Claire Deville, Charles - meteorologist, geologist, molecular physicist; member of French Academy of Sciences
• Daubree, Gabriel-Auguste - French geologist, professor of geology and mineralogy

• Pouget, Jean-Francois-Albert Du - distinguished work in paleontology and anthropology; earnest Catholic
• Vallee-Poussin, Charles-Louis-Joseph-Xavier de La - among the foremost ranks of Belgian geologists and crystallographers
• Woods, Julian Edmund Tenison - Priest; specialist in the geology and zoology of Australia and the Southeast Asia
• Lapparent, Albert Auguste de - president of the Geological Society of France; president of the French Society of Mineralogy

• Waagen, Wilhelm Heinrich - geologist and paleontologist; university professor; geological survey of India; loyal Catholic